"Using a variety of means-scale, a use of seriality or theatrical modes of presentation-American landscape painters in the nineteenth century absorbed the challenges to framing and spectatorship exemplified by the various forms of panorama entertainments. We see in these landscapes the mastery of framing contending with an energy striving to burst them asunder in pursuit of a new relation to the spectator. ” Tom Gunning from his essay Landscape and the Fantasy of Moving Pictures: Early Cinema’s Phantom Rides